DIVERSITY CONFLICT- INTRODUCTION, IMPACT, AND VARIOUS DISPUTES DUE TO DIVERSITY

 INTRODUCTION

Diversity conflict can be defined as: Exchanges of incompatible actions, behaviors, or practices among two or more interdependent individuals, groups, or organizations with conflicting interests resulting from group-identity-based differences.

Impacts of Diversity Conflict Diversity conflict hasTwo Impacts:

1. Positive impacts

2. Negative impacts on individuals, groups, and organizations.

·        Positive conflict outcomes can include: increased involvement and motivation, improved mastery and retention of material, simplicity in communications and relationships, growth and increased productivity.

·        Negative conflict outcomes can include: less energy available for tasks, destruction of morale and relationships, polarization of individuals and groups, reduced cooperation, dysfunctional behavior, mistrust, and diminished productivity.

 

KEY ASPECTS OF DIVERSITY CONFLICT ARE:

 

·        Multiple parties from different groups.

·         Interdependent parties.

·        Conflicting interests.

·        Incompatible actions, behaviors, and practices.

·        Normal and natural human experience.

 

DISPUTES OVER RIVER WATER

CAUVERY RIVER WATER DISPUTE

·        The dispute over Cauvery, famous as the Ganga of South India, is again in the limelight.

·        The dispute regarding the distribution of the water of river Cauvery among Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is a very complex problem.

·        The real dispute started between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in 1889 when Karnataka prepared a plan to construct a dam on river Cauvery.

·        The Dispute is still pending in Supreme Court.

 

KRISHNA RIVER WATER

·        Dispute Tribunal This dispute is linked with the three states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

·         The main basis of the dispute is associated with the Almati Dam constructed on river Krishna in the district Bijapur of Karnataka. Its foundation stone was laid by the then Prime Minister of India, Lai Bahadur Shastri, in 1968.

·        According to the distribution of water decided by Tribunal, Andhra Pradesh was to get 811 thousand million cubic feet (TMC), Karnataka would use 734 TMC water and Maharashtra could use 656 TMC water, although only 173 TMC feet water had been allotted for the north Krishna project. The Dispute is still pending.

NARMADA WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNAL (OCTOBER, 1969)

·        Under Section-4 of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956, the Central Government constituted Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) on 6th Oct. 1969 to adjudicate upon the sharing of Narmada waters and Narmada River Valley Development under the Chairmanship of Justice V. Ramaswami.

·        The Tribunal gave its Award on 7th Dec., 1979. The NWDT Award was notified by Government of India on 12th December, 1979, whereupon it became final and binding on the parties to the dispute.

·        The Award specified quantum of utilizable waters at 75% dependability to be shared by the four States of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The Dispute is still pending.

SON-RIHAND WATER DISPUTE:

·        The dispute over the waters of rivers Son and Rihand is between the three states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In 1973, the Baan Sagar agreement was signed between them for sharing the waters but Bihar accused the other two states later for violating the agreement.

·         According to this agreement, all the water of river Rihand was allotted to Bihar, but the Central Government Undertaking, National Thermal Power Corporation and Uttar Pradesh Government are all the using water of the river Rihand.

YAMUNA WATER DISPUTE:

·        This dispute is connected with five states of north India, i.e., Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh.

·        An agreement regarding Yamuna water was signed between Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in 1954 according to which 77 per cent water of Yamuna was to go to Haryana and 23 per cent to Uttar Pradesh. After 20-25 years, Delhi, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh also started demanding a share in the water of Yamuna.

·        The Dispute is still pending.

SATLUJ YAMUNA LINK DISPUTE

•         Satluj Yamuna Link Canal or SYL as it is popularly known is a proposed 214-kilometer (133 mi) long canal in India to connect the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers.

•         However, the proposal met obstacles and was referred to the Supreme Court of India. It defines river water sharing between the states of Punjab and Haryana.

•         The Dispute is still pending.

 SUTLEJ-RAVI-BEAS DISPUTE

·        The dispute over the waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej is mainly between the states of Punjab and Haryana.

·        At the time of partition, an agreement had been signed between India and Pakistan regarding distribution of water of Indus River.

·         According to it, waters of river Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were to go to Pakistan and waters of rivers Sutlej, Ravi and Beas would be for India.

·        India had made a payment of Rs 110 crores to Pakistan in lieu of it.

ETHNIC CLASHES IN DIVERSITY

·        An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic (population) groups. While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society.

·        Which the objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, it’s possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters.

·        Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security.

COMMUNAL CLASHES

        1. Problem in Punjab: The state of Punjab has also witnessed violence before 1993, After Partition; the State of Punjab included present Haryana and Himachal.

•         But certain people belonging to areas of Haryana were feeling that their areas have not been developed economically and socially. Therefore they wanted greater share in grants and finances.

•         The Akalis were demanding division of Punjab on basis of religion. In 1996, the state was that divided into 3 states as Punjab, Haryana and Himachal.However their problems remain unresolved like division of river water. The Territorial and the water issues are the only unsettled points left.

 

2.     The Hindu –Muslim Problem

·        Of all the religious issues in contemporize India, history has cast its deepest shadow on Hindu-Muslim relations. The most critical contemporize phases of this history were the partition of 1947. A Muslim state of Pakistan was born amidst communal violence but almost as many Muslims as there were in the new constituted Pakistan, for various reasons, stayed in India.

·        Most of all, the conflict between India and Pakistan kept the roots of the communal tension perpetually alive. THE HINDU-MUSLIM PROBLEM is the problem of India. We have heard and read much of Hindu-Muslim unity. It is always a matter of controversy between the Anglo-Indian [=British person in India] and the Nationalist.

 

3.     Kashmir Problem

•         Jammu and Kashmir was a Muslim majority state ruled by a Hindu king , Maharaja Hari Singh . After independence of India he wanted Kashmir to remain an independent county.

•         Maharaja's army was unable to stop them and he asked help from India and at that time he merged his state with India.

•         The state of Kashmir has been an integral part of India. At time of Independence, India was divided into different princely states and option was given to either join with India or Pakistan.

•         The Maharaja of Kashmir, Sh. Hari Singh was initially reluctant to join the Union of India. But due to invasion on Kashmir dispute through the intervention of United States, but could not get much diplomatic support from Western Countries.