INTRODUCTION
Diversity
conflict can be defined as: Exchanges of incompatible actions, behaviors, or
practices among two or more interdependent individuals, groups, or
organizations with conflicting interests resulting from group-identity-based
differences.
1.
Positive impacts
2.
Negative impacts on individuals, groups, and organizations.
·
Positive
conflict outcomes can include:
increased involvement and motivation, improved mastery and retention of
material, simplicity in communications and relationships, growth and increased
productivity.
·
Negative
conflict outcomes can include:
less energy available for tasks, destruction of morale and relationships,
polarization of individuals and groups, reduced cooperation, dysfunctional
behavior, mistrust, and diminished productivity.
KEY ASPECTS OF DIVERSITY CONFLICT ARE:
·
Multiple parties
from different groups.
·
Interdependent parties.
·
Conflicting
interests.
·
Incompatible
actions, behaviors, and practices.
·
Normal and
natural human experience.
DISPUTES OVER RIVER
WATER
CAUVERY RIVER WATER
DISPUTE
·
The dispute over
Cauvery, famous as the Ganga of South India, is again in the limelight.
·
The dispute
regarding the distribution of the water of river Cauvery among Kerala,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is a very complex problem.
·
The real dispute
started between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in 1889 when Karnataka prepared a plan
to construct a dam on river Cauvery.
·
The Dispute is
still pending in Supreme Court.
KRISHNA RIVER WATER
·
Dispute Tribunal
This dispute is linked with the three states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
·
The main basis of the dispute is associated
with the Almati Dam constructed on river Krishna in the district Bijapur of
Karnataka. Its foundation stone was laid by the then Prime Minister of India,
Lai Bahadur Shastri, in 1968.
·
According to the
distribution of water decided by Tribunal, Andhra Pradesh was to get 811
thousand million cubic feet (TMC), Karnataka would use 734 TMC water and
Maharashtra could use 656 TMC water, although only 173 TMC feet water had been
allotted for the north Krishna project. The Dispute is still pending.
NARMADA WATER DISPUTES
TRIBUNAL (OCTOBER, 1969)
·
Under Section-4
of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956, the Central Government constituted
Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) on 6th Oct. 1969 to adjudicate upon the
sharing of Narmada waters and Narmada River Valley Development under the
Chairmanship of Justice V. Ramaswami.
·
The Tribunal
gave its Award on 7th Dec., 1979. The NWDT Award was notified by Government of
India on 12th December, 1979, whereupon it became final and binding on the
parties to the dispute.
·
The Award specified
quantum of utilizable waters at 75% dependability to be shared by the four
States of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The Dispute is
still pending.
SON-RIHAND WATER
DISPUTE:
·
The dispute over
the waters of rivers Son and Rihand is between the three states of Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In 1973, the Baan Sagar agreement was signed
between them for sharing the waters but Bihar accused the other two states
later for violating the agreement.
·
According to this agreement, all the water of
river Rihand was allotted to Bihar, but the Central Government Undertaking,
National Thermal Power Corporation and Uttar Pradesh Government are all the
using water of the river Rihand.
YAMUNA WATER DISPUTE:
·
This dispute is
connected with five states of north India, i.e., Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh.
·
An agreement
regarding Yamuna water was signed between Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in 1954
according to which 77 per cent water of Yamuna was to go to Haryana and 23 per
cent to Uttar Pradesh. After 20-25 years, Delhi, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh
also started demanding a share in the water of Yamuna.
·
The Dispute is
still pending.
SATLUJ YAMUNA LINK
DISPUTE
•
Satluj Yamuna
Link Canal or SYL as it is popularly known is a proposed 214-kilometer (133 mi)
long canal in India to connect the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers.
•
However, the
proposal met obstacles and was referred to the Supreme Court of India. It
defines river water sharing between the states of Punjab and Haryana.
•
The Dispute is
still pending.
SUTLEJ-RAVI-BEAS DISPUTE
·
The dispute over
the waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej is mainly between the states of Punjab and
Haryana.
·
At the time of
partition, an agreement had been signed between India and Pakistan regarding
distribution of water of Indus River.
·
According to it, waters of river Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab were to go to Pakistan and waters of rivers Sutlej, Ravi and Beas
would be for India.
·
India had made a
payment of Rs 110 crores to Pakistan in lieu of it.
ETHNIC
CLASHES IN DIVERSITY
·
An ethnic
conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic (population)
groups. While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or
religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic
group's position within society.
·
Which the
objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict,
it’s possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. The conflict is
usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic,
social, cultural, or territorial matters.
·
Ethnic conflict
is one of the major threats to international peace and security.
COMMUNAL CLASHES
1. Problem in Punjab: The state of Punjab has also witnessed violence
before 1993, After Partition; the State of Punjab included present Haryana and
Himachal.
•
But certain
people belonging to areas of Haryana were feeling that their areas have not
been developed economically and socially. Therefore they wanted greater share
in grants and finances.
•
The Akalis were
demanding division of Punjab on basis of religion. In 1996, the state was that
divided into 3 states as Punjab, Haryana and Himachal.However their problems
remain unresolved like division of river water. The Territorial and the water
issues are the only unsettled points left.
2.
The Hindu
–Muslim Problem
·
Of all the
religious issues in contemporize India, history has cast its deepest shadow on
Hindu-Muslim relations. The most critical contemporize phases of this history
were the partition of 1947. A Muslim state of Pakistan was born amidst communal
violence but almost as many Muslims as there were in the new constituted
Pakistan, for various reasons, stayed in India.
·
Most of all, the
conflict between India and Pakistan kept the roots of the communal tension
perpetually alive. THE HINDU-MUSLIM PROBLEM is the problem of India. We have
heard and read much of Hindu-Muslim unity. It is always a matter of controversy
between the Anglo-Indian [=British person in India] and the Nationalist.
3.
Kashmir Problem
•
Jammu and
Kashmir was a Muslim majority state ruled by a Hindu king , Maharaja Hari Singh
. After independence of India he wanted Kashmir to remain an independent county.
•
Maharaja's army
was unable to stop them and he asked help from India and at that time he merged
his state with India.
•
The state of
Kashmir has been an integral part of India. At time of Independence, India was
divided into different princely states and option was given to either join with
India or Pakistan.
•
The Maharaja of
Kashmir, Sh. Hari Singh was initially reluctant to join the Union of India. But
due to invasion on Kashmir dispute through the intervention of United States,
but could not get much diplomatic support from Western Countries.
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