DIVERSITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES- INTRODUCTION, INDICATORS, TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS CAUSES

 INTRODUCTION

·         India has several socioeconomic problems.

·         India being the largest number of poor people with wide income disparities needs attention. Children are suffering from malnutrition, and high illiteracy rate is common among people.

·         Indian cities are overcrowded and causing problem of pollution.

REGIONAL IMBALANCES

·         Indian Economy is inclusive economy of 28 states and 8 union territories.

·          It means state and union territories are known as regions. Therefore development or interstate development means development of different states and union territories.

·          The equal development of different regions is called balanced development.

 INDICATORS OF REGIONAL IMBALANCE

1. Employment pattern: The industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Haryana have higher employment of factory workers per lakh of population.

2. Per Capita Income: means average income of a person of a particular state. It is calculated by dividing the net domestic product with population. The state with Highest per capita income is Haryana (1, 47,076 p.a) and the state with lowest per capita income is Bihar (36,143 p.a)

3. Agricultural Production: In India states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana have high proportion of irrigated land as compared to states like Kerala, Chhattisgarh have low proportion of agricultural land.

4. Population below Poverty Line: According to census 2014-15, 21.9 % of population is living below poverty line. Means they are unable to meet basic needs. In developed states Andhra Pradesh (9.20%) is population in poverty line and in backward areas Chhattisgarh (39.93%) is population in poverty line.

5. Infrastructural development: For industrial growth infrastructure facilities like electricity, transport, roads, dams are required. There is imbalance in different states due to infrastructure facilities.

6. Literacy Rate: It is very important in the overall economic development. The literacy rate is higher in Kerala (94%), Mizoram (91.3%), Tripura (87.2%), Sikkim (81.4%) and Tamil Nadu (80.1%) but it is low in Bihar (61.8%), Arunachal Pradesh (65.4%), Rajasthan (66.1%), and Uttar Pradesh (67.7%)

CAUSES OF REGIONAL IMBALANCE

1. Historical Factor: Regional imbalance in India started from British period. They established industries in those regions in which they have their own interest.

2. Failure of planning mechanism: In resource allocation, developed states get much favour as compare to planning mechanism.

3. Geographical Factor: In some regions, certain physical and geographical conditions like hills, rivers and forests lead to increase in cost of development projects.

4. Political Instability: Political instability prevailing in backward states of the nation is also responsible for regional imbalance.

5. Location Advantages: due to some location advantages, some regions are getting priority in respect of site selection of various projects.

6. Less growth of Ancillary Industries in Backward States.

7. Lack of Motivation to Backward States.

 8. Poor Infrastructure.

 

UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

·         Unemployment is a serious problem. It is the situation where number of jobs is less than job seekers.

·         In this situation, persons willing to work at existing wage rate but do not get any meaningful job. In this way unemployment leads to huge wastage of manpower.

NATURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

1. Rural

i) Seasonal

 ii) Disguised

 iii) Under-unemployment

2. Urban

 i) Frictional

ii) Structural

 iii) Educated

iv) Cyclical Rural

The unemployment prevailing in the rural area is called rural unemployment. Rural unemployment can further divided in

1. RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT

i). Seasonal Unemployment: In rural area agriculture is prime occupation. It is seasonal in nature. Therefore it cannot provide employment for the whole year; the farmers have to sit idle for more than half year.

 ii) Disguised Unemployment: Indian agriculture is suffering from disguised unemployment. It is the state in which people engaged in any job are more than the requirement.

iii) Under-Unemployment: In which person employed for few months or work at a job that is below his qualification.

2. URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT:

In urban area, rate of unemployment is higher among the educated people. The types of urban unemployment are:

 i) Frictional Unemployment: this is a temporary type of unemployment. It arises due to shifting of people from one place to another place. In this situation, job vacancies are available, but it takes time to match the job seekers with vacancies.

ii) Structural Unemployment: this type of unemployment arises due to technological advancement or change in demand pattern. The technology is changing and existing labour is not capable to work with new technology.

iii) Educated Unemployment: it is a type of unemployment which is concerned with the education of a person, means educated persons do not get a job according to their educational qualification.

iv) Industrial Unemployment: Due to seasonal unemployment, people from rural area come to urban areas in search of any industrial job, but industries are not capable of providing job to additional labor.

v) Cyclical Unemployment: It is the situation, which arises during the trade cycle, which consists boom and recession. In boom (economic condition of a country is very good) and creates more jobs but in recession (in which economic condition is not good) and no vacancies.

EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Poverty

2. Political instability

3. Social Evils

 4. Economic Exploitation

5. Less use of Human Resources

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Population Explosion

2. Existing Education System

3. Inadequate Industrial Growth

4. Backwardness of Agriculture

5. under Development

6. Defective Economic Planning

7. Slow Economic Growth

 8. Less Investment

9. Lack of Employment Policies

10. More Expansion of Educational Institution

11. Migration of people from rural to urban areas.

 HUMAN TRAFFICKING

·         The word traffic means “trade, especially illegal”. It has also been described as “the transportation of goods, the coming and going of people or goods by road, rail, Air Sea".

·         The word trafficking means as dealing in something, illegally.

·         Human trafficking involves recruitment, transporting people into a situation of exploitation through the use of violence, fraud and forced to work against their will.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING VIOLATES HUMAN RIGHT OF WOMAN AND CHILDREN

1. They receive low or no wages.

2. They forced to work in bad working condition.

 3. They are subjected to live in poor living condition.

 4. They are no longer in a position to earn.

 5. They have no access to education and basic needs.

6. They have no access to basic needs.