INTRODUCTION
·
India has
several socioeconomic problems.
·
India being the
largest number of poor people with wide income disparities needs attention.
Children are suffering from malnutrition, and high illiteracy rate is common
among people.
·
Indian cities
are overcrowded and causing problem of pollution.
·
Indian Economy
is inclusive economy of 28 states and 8 union territories.
·
It means state and union territories are known
as regions. Therefore development or interstate development means development
of different states and union territories.
·
The equal development of different regions is
called balanced development.
INDICATORS OF REGIONAL IMBALANCE
1. Employment pattern: The industrially developed states like Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Haryana have higher employment of factory workers per
lakh of population.
2. Per Capita Income: means average income of a person of a particular
state. It is calculated by dividing the net domestic product with population.
The state with Highest per capita income is Haryana (1, 47,076 p.a) and the state
with lowest per capita income is Bihar (36,143 p.a)
3. Agricultural
Production: In India states like
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana have high proportion of irrigated land as
compared to states like Kerala, Chhattisgarh have low proportion of
agricultural land.
4. Population below
Poverty Line: According to census
2014-15, 21.9 % of population is living below poverty line. Means they are
unable to meet basic needs. In developed states Andhra Pradesh (9.20%) is
population in poverty line and in backward areas Chhattisgarh (39.93%) is
population in poverty line.
5. Infrastructural development: For industrial growth infrastructure facilities
like electricity, transport, roads, dams are required. There is imbalance in
different states due to infrastructure facilities.
6. Literacy Rate: It is very important in the overall economic development.
The literacy rate is higher in Kerala (94%), Mizoram (91.3%), Tripura (87.2%), Sikkim
(81.4%) and Tamil Nadu (80.1%) but it is low in Bihar (61.8%), Arunachal Pradesh
(65.4%), Rajasthan (66.1%), and Uttar Pradesh (67.7%)
CAUSES OF REGIONAL
IMBALANCE
1. Historical Factor: Regional imbalance in India started from British
period. They established industries in those regions in which they have their
own interest.
2. Failure of planning
mechanism: In resource
allocation, developed states get much favour as compare to planning mechanism.
3. Geographical Factor: In some regions, certain physical and geographical
conditions like hills, rivers and forests lead to increase in cost of
development projects.
4. Political
Instability: Political instability
prevailing in backward states of the nation is also responsible for regional
imbalance.
5. Location Advantages: due to some location advantages, some regions are
getting priority in respect of site selection of various projects.
6. Less growth of Ancillary
Industries in Backward States.
7. Lack of Motivation
to Backward States.
8. Poor Infrastructure.
UNEMPLOYMENT
IN INDIA
·
Unemployment is
a serious problem. It is the situation where number of jobs is less than job
seekers.
·
In this
situation, persons willing to work at existing wage rate but do not get any
meaningful job. In this way unemployment leads to huge wastage of manpower.
NATURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
IN INDIA
1. Rural
i) Seasonal
ii) Disguised
iii) Under-unemployment
2. Urban
i) Frictional
ii) Structural
iii) Educated
iv) Cyclical Rural
The unemployment
prevailing in the rural area is called rural unemployment. Rural unemployment
can further divided in
1. RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT
i). Seasonal
Unemployment: In rural area
agriculture is prime occupation. It is seasonal in nature. Therefore it cannot
provide employment for the whole year; the farmers have to sit idle for more
than half year.
ii) Disguised Unemployment: Indian agriculture is suffering from disguised
unemployment. It is the state in which people engaged in any job are more than
the requirement.
iii)
Under-Unemployment: In which person
employed for few months or work at a job that is below his qualification.
2. URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT:
In urban area, rate of
unemployment is higher among the educated people. The types of urban
unemployment are:
i) Frictional Unemployment: this is a temporary type of unemployment. It arises
due to shifting of people from one place to another place. In this situation,
job vacancies are available, but it takes time to match the job seekers with
vacancies.
ii) Structural
Unemployment: this type of
unemployment arises due to technological advancement or change in demand
pattern. The technology is changing and existing labour is not capable to work
with new technology.
iii) Educated
Unemployment: it is a type of
unemployment which is concerned with the education of a person, means educated
persons do not get a job according to their educational qualification.
iv) Industrial
Unemployment: Due to seasonal unemployment,
people from rural area come to urban areas in search of any industrial job, but
industries are not capable of providing job to additional labor.
v) Cyclical
Unemployment: It is the situation,
which arises during the trade cycle, which consists boom and recession. In boom
(economic condition of a country is very good) and creates more jobs but in recession
(in which economic condition is not good) and no vacancies.
EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM
OF UNEMPLOYMENT
1. Poverty
2. Political
instability
3. Social Evils
4. Economic Exploitation
5. Less use of Human
Resources
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
1. Population Explosion
2. Existing Education
System
3. Inadequate
Industrial Growth
4. Backwardness of
Agriculture
5. under Development
6. Defective Economic
Planning
7. Slow Economic Growth
8. Less Investment
9. Lack of Employment
Policies
10. More Expansion of
Educational Institution
11. Migration of people
from rural to urban areas.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
·
The word traffic
means “trade, especially illegal”. It has also been described as “the
transportation of goods, the coming and going of people or goods by road, rail,
Air Sea".
·
The word
trafficking means as dealing in something, illegally.
·
Human
trafficking involves recruitment, transporting people into a situation of
exploitation through the use of violence, fraud and forced to work against
their will.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
VIOLATES HUMAN RIGHT OF WOMAN AND CHILDREN
1. They receive low or
no wages.
2. They forced to work
in bad working condition.
3. They are subjected to live in poor living
condition.
4. They are no longer in a position to earn.
5. They have no access to education and basic
needs.
6. They have no access
to basic needs.
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